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Although ovulation could be easily induced in the Japanese field vole by administering pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin and hCG, the number of embryos obtained varied from 1 to 47 (mean, 9.6). One-cell embryos were small (57.8-63.3 microns in diameter; mean, 61.0 microns) compared with those in other mammals. Development of the preimplantation vole embryos in vivo was similar to that of mouse embryos. The first cleavage occurred between 24 and 26 h after mating. The second cleavage was between 46 and 52 h after mating, and subsequent cleavages occurred at about 12 h intervals. Blastocysts were clearly observed in the uterus 4 days after mating. Vole embryos could be cultured in vitro from the late two-cell to the blastocyst stage in M16 medium. However, development of one-cell and early two-cell embryos in vitro was limited, and few cleaved beyond the four-cell stage. Eliminating sodium pyruvate from M16 medium significantly improved the development of early two-cell embryos into blastocysts (P &lt; 0.05). The Japanese field vole may be a useful experimental animal for reproductive biology, comparable with the mouse.

Development of early-stage embryos of the Japanese field vole, Microtus montebelli, in vivo and in vitro