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Exposure of rats in utero to the anti-androgen flutamide resulted in feminization of the external genitalia that was noticeable at birth. This exposure also resulted in a high degree of cryptorchidism during adulthood. In most affected animals, testes were lying in 'ovary position' close to the caudal pole of the ipsilateral kidney. Cryptorchidism occurred despite normal prenatal development of the gubernacular cones and the transformation of these structures, postnatally, into muscular cremaster sacs. Inter- and intralitter variation in the response to prenatal exposure to flutamide was observed as well as intra-individual variation. Cryptorchidism frequently occurred unilaterally with right side cryptorchidism predominating. Cryptorchidism occurred in association with marked suppression of the growth of the ipsilateral epididymis and deferent duct. The possibility is considered that the poor development or absence of these structures contributes to cryptorchidism. Intra-individual variation supports the concept of the local nature of the influence of testis hormones in stabilization and further differentiation of the ipsilateral Wolffian duct derivatives. Cryptorchidism was enhanced when rats were treated postnatally with testosterone or oestradiol. The effect of testosterone was unexpected in view of the generally held hypothesis that androgens enhance testis descent. The effect of oestradiol was as expected: other animal models have been described in which induction of cryptorchidism by oestradiol occurs. Additional treatment with oestradiol caused further suppression of growth of the epididymis and deferent duct. The response to prenatal exposure to flutamide was not altered by further injections of flutamide postnatally. Such injections were without effect in males not exposed to flutamide prenatally except for minor, but statistically significant, testicular enlargement during adulthood. A model is thus presented that describes cryptorchidism as an endogenous developmental disorder.

Disturbed testicular descent in the rat after prenatal exposure to the antiandrogen flutamide