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Seasonal reproduction is a common device whereby animals respond to climatic extremes which may be detrimental to the survival of the offspring and possibly even to the adults. India is a tropical country and in the north extreme climatic conditions prevail. In summer temperatures reach 42°C during the day and 30°C during the night. Daylength goes up to 13-14 h. Karnal is situated at 245 m above mean sea level on 29°43'N latitude and 76°58'E longitude. Seasonality in buffalo breeding has been reported by many workers (Rife, 1959; Bhattacharya, Luktuke & Roy, 1970; Roy, Bhattacharya & Luktuke, 1972). Luktuke, Bhattacharya, Singh & Khan (1973) found that buffalo ovaries were least active during extreme climatic conditions. The important seasonal reproductive problems are weak or silent oestrus, irregular oestrous cycle lengths, low conception rates and early embryonic mortality. The mechanisms whereby biometeorological cues are transduced into the endocrine messages that govern gonadal functions are not clearly understood. There are controversial reports regarding the variations of progesterone secretion in dairy cows in natural climatic conditions (Roussel, Beatty & Lee, 1977; Rosenberg, Herz, Davidson & Folman, 1977). However, none of these workers followed the same animals throughout the year, and the sampling frequency was low. The present study was undertaken to investigate circannual changes of progesterone concentrations in buffalo.

Seasonal changes in plasma progesterone concentrations in buffalo cows (Bubalus bubalis)