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The nuclear hormone receptor SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1, also termed adrenal 4-binding protein or Ad4BP) is a major regulator of the development and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes. It was initially discovered as a key transcription factor regulating the cytochrome P450 steroid hydroxylases in the gonads and the adrenal cortex (1, 2). The promoter of the genes regulated by SF-1 contains an AGGTCA-derived motif that binds SF-1. This nuclear receptor also regulates the expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, the adrenocortico- trophin receptor, and, in the pituitary, the a-subunit of glycoproteins (3). Interestingly, SF-1 seems to play a role in cAMP regulation of transcription in the adrenal cortex. In keeping with a major role for this nuclear receptor in a limited set of organs, SF-1 expression is regulated in a tissue-specific manner. It was initially reported to occur in the adrenocortical cells, ovarian theca and granulosa cells and in the testicular Leydig cells. Later, expression of SF-1 was also found in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and in the pituitary gonado- trophs (4). Knockout mouse technology by targeted disruption of the SF-1 gene has clearly demonstrated the major role of SF-1 in development. All animals died within a week of birth from adrenocortical insufficiency that could be prevented by steroid hormone replace- ment therapy (5). The adrenal glands and the gonads were absent in the knockout mice, explaining the hormonal defect. Furthermore, a male-to-female sex reversal of external genitalia was observed, since all the knockout mice had female genitalia irrespective of genetic sex. Therefore, SF-1 also plays an important role in sexual differentiation. This last finding might be explained by SF-1 regulation of Mullerian inhibiting substance gene expression (6).

The nuclear receptor SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1) is no longer an orphan