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Context Little systematic data on male prolactinomas treated with surgery are available. Objective To clarify the clinical features and confirm the efficacy of transsphenoidal surgery for male prolactinomas and predictive factors after initial surgery. Patients and methods This retrospective study included 87 male patients with prolactinoma treated by transsphenoidal surgery at an academic medical center. Hormonal and visual status, remission rates, and the rate of tumor relapse, as well as predictive factors, were evaluated. Results Postoperative initial remission was achieved in 52.9% of patients. The remission rate was markedly higher in microadenomas (83.3%) than in macroadenomas (44.9%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the predictive factors of the early negative outcomes were high preoperative prolactin (PRL) levels and tumor invasion. After a median follow-up of 45 months, the long-term remission rate was 42.5%, and relapse of hyperprolactinemia occurred in 19.6% of the cured patients. The 5-year recurrence-free survival was 78.2% (95% confidence interval, 62.3-88.1%). When surgery was followed by adjuvant treatment in uncured and recurrent patients, 78.8% of patients in the entire group in the absence of dopamine agonists obtained biochemical remission at the end of follow-up. Conclusion Transsphenoidal surgery is a viable treatment alternative for male prolactinomas. The remission rates of male patients with microadenomas and/or intrasellar macroprolactinomas by surgery alone remain excellent, and surgery followed by adjuvant therapy as necessary is required for optimizing management of male prolactinomas, especially for extrasellar macroprolactinomas. The early negative results are associated with preoperative PRL levels and tumor invasion.

Surgical outcomes and prognostic factors of transsphenoidal surgery for prolactinoma in men: a single-center experience with 87 consecutive cases