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Summary  The underlying genetic drivers of Kallmann syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to impairment in the development of olfactory axons and in the migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH)-producing neurons during embryonic development, remain largely unknown. SOX10, a key transcription factor involved in the development of neural crest cells and established as one of the causative genes of Waardenburg syndrome, has been shown to be a causative gene of Kallmann syndrome. A 17-year-old male patient, who was diagnosed with Waardenburg syndrome on the basis of a hearing impairment and hypopigmented iris at childhood, was referred to our department because of anosmia and delayed puberty. As clinical examination revealed an aplastic olfactory bulb and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, we diagnosed him as having Kallmann syndrome. Incidentally, we elucidated that he also presented with subclinical hypothyroidism without evidence of autoimmune thyroiditis. Direct sequence analysis detected a nonsense  SOX10  mutation (c.373C&gt;T, p.Glu125X) in this patient. Since this nonsense mutation has never been published as a germline variant, the  SOX10  substitution is a novel mutation that results in Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome. This case substantiates the significance of  SOX10  as a genetic cause of Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome, which possibly share a common pathway in the development of neural crest cells.    Learning points    Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome possibly share a common pathway during neural crest cell development.     SOX10 , a key transcription factor involved in the development of neural crest cells, is a common causative gene of Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome.    Careful evaluation about various phenotypic features may reveal the unknown genetic drivers of Kallmann syndrome.

A novel SOX10 nonsense mutation in a patient with Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome