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An empty perine processes covering spore surface are discovered in Encalypta longicollis, being likely the first known case of the gas-filled structures in moss spores. TEM images perform a diversity of variants of inner structure of these processes, showing a progressive decomposition of their inner material, from spongy to lacunose and finally resulting with a cavity in their middle up to half of their volume. The decomposition is associated with the spreading of osmiophilous compound, which fills the spongy parts of perine and spreads along a flexuose channels that are terminated in areas where perine material shows maximal decomposition. Encalypta longicollis is characterized by outstandingly large spores, 55–85(–95) mm in diameter, whereas in other species of the genus spores are 9–40 (–50) mm. The gas-filled space reduces the spore density, probably facilitating its ability for dispersal by water currents.

An attempt to create air sacs in spores? On the unusual spore structure in moss Encalypta longicollis