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In July 1943, following their victory in North Africa, the combined AngloAmerican forces led by General Dwight Eisenhower undertook an invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky). A few German divisions present on the island are usually thought to have offered much more of a fierce resistance than entire Italian armies. The obviously low morale of their surrendering troops compelled some high ranking fascists (among them Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini’s minister of foreign affairs, son-in-law and heir apparent) to remove the Duce from his position as Italy’s totalitarian dictator on July 25, 1943. Paradoxically, a regime praising the Italians’ manhood – by some even accused of “an obsession of virility”3 – was crumbling like a house of cards as a result of a lack of fighting spirit among its troops on the one hand and the betrayal of its leaders, including the incarnation of fascist virilities – the popular and charming husband of the Duce’s beloved daughter, on the other. However, that was hardly the last paradox of the Italian transition from the Axis to the Allied camp. King Victor Emmanuel III’s newly appointed Prime

A Clash of Civilizations? U.S. Army, Italian Women and the Gender Shock of 1943–1945