English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

This paper presents an innovative method to reduce cold start emissions of a four-stroke three-cylinder multi point fuel injection spark ignition engine. In this work, a glow plug is used as a heating source to maintain the activation temperature of a catalytic converter. This method is less complex than variable vacuum insulation method. In this work, cerium oxide (CeO2) coated on the ceramic honeycomb substrate was used as a catalyst to lower the cost of a catalytic converter. A reduction of 34% carbon monoxide and 33% un-burnt hydrocarbon was observed at the idling condition with CeO2 as the catalyst and glow plug as the heating source in the catalytic converter. The results obtained from the engine which is fitted with CeO2 coated catalytic converter show the lowest emissions at all loads. Carbon monoxide and un-burnt hydrocarbon emissions (with catalytic converter) have reduced 68% and 71%, respectively, in comparison with a non-catalytic converter engine test at full load engine operation. The new catalytic converter competes with the existing noble metal-based catalytic converter due to the use of inexpensive CeO2 as a catalyst.

Development and characterization of cerium oxide catalyst supported on ceramic honeycomb substrate to reduce emissions of spark ignition engine