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Sediments play an important role in determining the quality of lakes, rivers and oceans as they can act as either a source or sink for pollutants. Once the input pollution is controlled, sediments as a secondary source of pollution can release the accumulated pollutants to overlying water.1 The organic matter content of sediments can also affect the structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages.2 To date, traditional sediments remediation methods include monitored natural recovery, in-situ treatment, and ex-situ treatment.3 The traditional methods are either expensive or not environmentally friendly, so it is crucial to find a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to solve the contaminated sediments problem. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is considered an environmentally friendly and promising approach for converting wastewater or solid waste into electricity.4–6 Recently, some studies have shown that sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) can alter the properties and enhance the removal of organic matter in sediment.7–9 Wang9 developed a three-dimensional floating biocathode to dispose river sediments, and concluded that the sediment organic matter content near the anode was removed by 29 %. Hong7 found that sediment organic matter around the electrodes became more humified, aromatic, and polydispersed, and had a higher average molecular weight, along with its partial degradation and electricity generation compared to that of the original sediment. Sajana10 studied the performance of SMFC by adding cellulose in freshwater and demonstrated effective cellulose degradation from aquaculture pond sediment and maintained the oxidized sediment top layer favourable for aquaculture. Zhou11 improved the SMFC performance by amendment of colloidal iron oxyhydroxide into sediments and concluded that high Fe(II) concentration in pore water of sediments led to high power production. Song12 found that the addition of biomass in appropriate proportions can enhance output power in SMFC. However, mass transfer limitations for electron donors to reach the anode and a low rate of oxygen reduction in cathodes were major limitations for power production.13 In freshwater environments, the maximum power densities in SMFC with felt graphite14 and carbon paper15 as cathode were 4 mW m–2 and 2 mW m–2 respectively. Song13 constructed SMFC with granule activated carbon cathode and stainless steel anode and obtained 3.5 mW m–2 maximum power density, and further increased to 11.2 mW m–2 by adding cellulose. Jiang16 built MFC with graphite fiber brush and enhanced TCOD removal rate from 11.3 % to 19.2 % for raw sludge. Removal and Changes of Sediment Organic Matter and Electricity Generation by Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells and Amorphous Ferric Hydroxide