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Muḥibb Allāh ibn Mubāriz Ilāhābādī (1587–1648), the well-known Sufi shaykh (spiritual master) and Islamic “mystical” philosopher of South Asia,1 was born in the latter portion of the long reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605) and lived through the tenure of his successor, Jahāngīr (r. 1605–27). The majority of Muḥibb Allāh’s scholarly activities, however, took place during the reign of the fifth Mughal emperor, Shāh Jahān (r. 1627–58), as Muḥibb Allāh spent the last two decades of his life writing and teaching from Ilāhābād (Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India). It was most likely at some point during this twenty-year period that Muḥibb Allāh composed his short Arabic work al-Taswiyah bayna al-ifādah wa’l-qabūl (The Equivalence between Giving and Receiving; hereafter, “Taswiyah”), arguably his sole “philosophical” treatise (in the restrictive, demonstrative sense of the word). Virtually the entire remainder of his considerable corpus of writings expands, interprets, or otherwise mirrors the writings of the extremely influential Andalusian Sufi thinker Ibn al-‘Arabī (d. 1240). Indeed, Muḥibb Allāh was so dedicated a commentator that later historians would label him “the second Ibn ‘Arabī” (Ibn-i ‘Arabī-i s ˉ ānī) and “the Ibn ‘Arabī of India” (Ibn-i ‘Arabī-i Hind)—a not insignificant title, given the historical observation that Ibn ‘Arabī, regarded as the founder of the Sufi “school” of waḥdat al-wujūd (“unity of being”),2 came to “have enormous influence throughout the Muslim world, not the least in the Subcontinent.”3 As William Chittick expresses the matter:

Muḥibb Allāh Ilāhābādī and an Islamic Framework for Religious Diversity