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have long been seen as quintessentially American urban forms, symbolic of the nation that emerged in the nineteenth century. The powerful rectilinear grid— an informing idea made physical—was dedicated to making settlement and development convenient without regard to class or social status. Breathtaking in its scope, the grid predicted a giant future metropolis that would service a global marketplace. Central Park was equally ambitious, a universal open space designed for the use of all citizens, preserving some contact with the agrarian pastoral ideal on which the nation was founded. While these symbolic urban forms were not as different from European models as the rhetoric surrounding them often claimed, they were unique in their relentlessness expression of a particular political ideal: the American democracy.1 Although overshadowed by these enormous urban emblems of America’s ideals, Union Square, located at Fourteenth Street in New York City, has played a different but equally central role in symbolizing democracy, serving as a place for democratic action from the time of the Civil War until today. Although it is an anomaly in the grid and although the intentions and forms behind its original design were quite different from those of Central Park, throughout its history the square has held an unplanned but prominent place in the political life of the city and the nation. The Republican Urban Landscape

Patriotism and Protest: Union Square as Public Space, 1832–1932