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Anton Pannekoek (1873-1960) was both an influential Marxist and an innovativeastronomer. This paper will analyse the various innovative methods that hedeveloped to represent the visual aspect of the Milky Way and the statisticaldistribution of stars in the galaxy through a framework of epistemic virtues.Doing so will not emphasize the unique aspects of his astronomical research,but also reveal its connections to his left radical brand of Marxism. A crucialfeature of Pannekoek's astronomical method was the active role ascribed toastronomers. They were expected to use their intuitive ability to organize dataaccording to the appearance of the Milky Way, while at the same time they hadto avoid the influence of personal experience and theoretical presuppositionsabout the shape of the system. With this method, he produced results that wentagainst the Kapteyn Universe and instead made him the first astronomer in theNetherlands to find supporting evidence for Harlow Shapley's extended galaxy.After exploring Pannekoek's Marxist philosophy, it is argued that both hisastronomical method and his interpretation of historical materialism can beseen as strategies developed to make optical use of his particular conceptionof the human mind.

Left Radicalism and the Milky Way: Connecting the Scientific and Socialist Virtues of Anton Pannekoek