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Structure and liminality are pervasive epistemic concepts in the so­ cial sciences. Structure is one of the most important elements in the dis­ course of social science, signifying "patterns" of "rules and resources, recursively implicated in the reproduction of social systems" (Giddens , 1 984: 377) 1 . Liminality, from the Latin limen, meaning "threshold" , was first conceptualized as a social state by anthropologist Arnold van Gen­ nep in his seminal work, Les rites de passage ( 1 909) but was popularized and expanded by Victor Turner (Turner, 1 969) . Liminality for Turner consisted of a separation from, or suspension of, the objective structures of society, such as rank, class , kinship ties, and gender. The liminal pe­ riod is conceptualized as transitory ; an "interstructural state" in which an individual or group of individuals abandon (willingly or grudgingly) a specific social state, characterized by specifically structured interactions, but have not yet entered (or re-entered) the newly prescribed social state and its accompanying responsibilities and status . In the liminal stage, the subject' s identity is redefined under conditions that have "few or none of the attributes of the past or coming state" (Turner 1 969 :94). The liminal individual or groups are "neither here nor there ; they are betwixt and between the positions assigned and arrayed by law, custom, convention, and ceremony" ( 1 969: 95) . Does the concept of liminality assist in our understanding of the dynamics of the Cuban-American diaspora? In arguing that it does, we posit that liminality is, indeed, a state where subjects find themselves "betwixt and between" -but structurally so. That is, liminal conditions can be lasting, maybe permanent, elements of group identity. The

Structuring Liminality: Theorizing the Creation and Maintenance of the Cuban Exile Identity