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Electrochemical energy storage systems using graphite as both the negative and the positive electrode have been proposed as “dual-graphite cells”. In this kind of electrochemical system, the electrolyte cations intercalate into the negative electrode and the electrolyte anions intercalate into the positive electrode, both based on graphite, during the charging process. On discharge, cations and anions are released back into the electrolyte. So far, the systems proposed in literature are primarily based on Li   +    and PF   6  -    intercalation/de-intercalation into/from graphite from non-aqueous organic solvent based electrolytes. As the positive electrode potential during charging always exceeds 4.2 V  vs.  Li/Li   +   , the organic electrolyte starts to decompose at these highly oxidizing conditions resulting in insufficient discharge/charge efficiencies. The replacement of organic solvent by ionic liquids (ILs) leads an increased stability of the electrolyte towards oxidation and thus to remarkably higher efficiencies as well as an increased cycling stability. In fact, ionic liquids provide extended anodic electrochemical stability and in addition, no solvent co-intercalation occurs in parallel to anion intercalation at high potentials.

Dual-ion Cells Based on Anion Intercalation into Graphite from Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes