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The first chemical studies of the monopositive einsteinium ion, Es + , in the gas phase have been carried out, and its behavior compared to those for other actinide ions, with a particular focus on Bk + . The yield of laser-ablated EsO +  indicates that the Es + -O bond energy is significantly smaller than that of Bk + -O. Fluorination of Es +  and Bk +  through F-abstraction from hexafluoropropene demonstrated clearly the stability of the divalent state of Es: whereas by this process both BkF +  and BkF 2  +  are produced, only the "divalent" EsF +  product is formed. The reaction of Es +  with several different alkenes produced only small yields of adducts ( e.g. , EsC 4 H 8  + ). These adducts are the first organoeinsteinium complexes to be identified. Whereas Es +  was inert towards 1,5-cyclooctadiene, in contrast Bk +  dehydrogenated this substrate to give BkC 8 H 8  + , demonstrating the greater activation activity of Bk +  than Es +  towards alkenes. The chemical behaviors observed in these studies are consistent with the predicted electronic structure and energetics of Es + , and the results obtained are discussed in the context of systematic trends across the actinide series.

Einsteinium chemistry in the gas phase: exploring the divalent character of heavy actinides