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In molecular imaging, the importance of novel longer lived positron emitters, also termed as non-standard or innovative PET radionuclides, has been constantly increasing, especially because they allow studies on slow metabolic processes and in some cases furnish the possibility of quantification of radiation dose in internal radiotherapy. Considerable efforts have been invested worldwide and about 25 positron emitters have been developed. Those efforts relate to interdisciplinary studies dealing with basic nuclear data, high current charged particle irradiation, efficient radiochemical separation and quality control of the desired radionuclide, and recovery of the enriched target material for reuse. In this review all those aspects are briefly discussed, with particular reference to three radionuclides, namely  64 Cu,  124 I and  86 Y, which are presently in great demand. For each radionuclide several nuclear routes were investigated but the (  p,n ) reaction on an enriched target isotope was found to be the best for use at a small-sized cyclotron. Some other positron emitting radionuclides, such as  55 Co,  76 Br,  89 Zr,  82m Rb,  94m Tc,  120 I,  etc. , were also produced  via  the low-energy ( p,n ), ( p,α ) or ( d,n ) reaction. On the other hand, the production of radionuclides  52 Fe,  73 Se,  83 Sr,  etc.  using intermediate energy ( p,xn ) or ( d,xn ) reactions needs special consideration, the nuclear data and chemical processing methods being of key importance. In a few special cases, a high intensity  3 He- or  α -particle beam could be an added advantage. The production of some potentially interesting positron emitters  via  generator systems, for example  44 Ti/ 44 Sc,  72 Se/ 72 As and  140 N  d/ 140 Pr is considered. The significance of new generation high power accelerators is briefly discussed.

Development of novel positron emitters for medical applications: nuclear and radiochemical aspects