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The existence of low oxidation states of lanthanides and actinides in aqueous solution has been re-examined in the light of recent data. The retained redox data corresponding to the 3+/2+ couples are given, and earlier reports of the existence of monovalent mendelevium is not confirmed. By comparing divalent, trivalent and tetravalent ions, the effective charges of the lanthanide and actinide ions have been quantified. It is shown, based on experimental EXAFS data, and modelling of the aquo ions, that the covalent effect in these series increases with the oxidation state, is larger for actinides than for lanthanides and maximum for trivalent and tetravalent ions at the beginning of the series and, in each case, becoming negligible around the middle of the series. For divalent ions this covalent effect is small and constant through the series. Characteristics of the ions have been evaluated and hydration properties deduced.

About low oxidation states, hydration and covalence properties of f elements