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A range of extrinsic signals, including afferent activity, affect neuronal growth and plasticity. Neuronal activity regulates intracellular Ca(2+), and activity-dependent calcium signaling has been shown to regulate dendritic growth and branching (Konur and Ghosh, 2005). NMDA receptor (NMDAR) stimulation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase signaling cascades has, moreover, been demonstrated to regulate neurite/axonal outgrowth (Wayman et al., 2004). We used a sodium channel activator, brevetoxin (PbTx-2), to explore the relationship between intracellular [Na(+)] and NMDAR-dependent development. PbTx-2 alone, at a concentration of 30 nM, did not affect Ca(2+) dynamics in 2 d in vitro cerebrocortical neurons; however, this treatment robustly potentiated NMDA-induced Ca(2+) influx. The 30 nM PbTx-2 treatment produced a maximum [Na(+)](i) of 16.9 +/- 1.5 mM, representing an increment of 8.8 +/- 1.8 mM over basal. The corresponding membrane potential change produced by 30 nM PbTx-2 was modest and, therefore, insufficient to relieve the voltage-dependent Mg(2+) block of NMDARs. To unambiguously demonstrate the enhancement of NMDA receptor function by PbTx-2, we recorded single-channel currents from cell-attached patches. PbTx-2 treatment was found to increase both the mean open time and open probability of NMDA receptors. These effects of PbTx-2 on NMDA receptor function were dependent on extracellular Na(+) and activation of Src kinase. The functional consequences of PbTx-2-induced enhancement of NMDAR function were evaluated in immature cerebrocortical neurons. PbTx-2 concentrations between 3 and 300 nM enhanced neurite outgrowth. Voltage-gated sodium channel activators may accordingly represent a novel pharmacologic strategy to regulate neuronal plasticity through an NMDA receptor and Src family kinase-dependent mechanism.

Sodium Channel Activation Augments NMDA Receptor Function and Promotes Neurite Outgrowth in Immature Cerebrocortical Neurons