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What are the neural mechanisms underlying improvement in perceptual performance due to learning? A recent study using motion-direction discrimination suggested that perceptual learning is due to improvements in the "readout" of sensory signals in sensory-motor cortex and not to improvements in neural sensitivity of the sensory cortex. To test the generality of this hypothesis, we examined this in a similar but different task. We recorded from isolated neurons in the middle temporal (MT) area while monkeys were trained in a depth-discrimination task. Consistent with earlier reports using direction discrimination, we found no long-term improvement in MT neuron sensitivity to depth, although monkey performance improved over months with extensive training, even when taking out the effect of behavioral biases. We further addressed improvement in the readout of sensory signals by focusing on choice-related response modulation [choice probability (CP)]. CP increased with training, suggesting an improvement in the readout of sensory signals from MT. CP, however, correlated more strongly with lapse rate than psychophysical threshold, suggesting that changes in readout may be restricted to early phases of learning. To test how behavioral learning, as well as the magnitude of CP, transferred across visual fields, we measured CP variation in one hemifield after training monkeys on the depth-discrimination task in the opposite hemifield. CP was large from the beginning of training in the untrained hemifield, even though a small but significant improvement in sensitivity was observed behaviorally. Overall, our findings are consistent with the idea that increases in CP reflect task learning.

Change in Choice-Related Response Modulation in Area MT during Learning of a Depth-Discrimination Task is Consistent with Task Learning