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Guanylate cyclase activating protein 2 (GCAP2) is a recoverin-like Ca2+-sensor protein known to modulate guanylate cyclase activity in photoreceptor outer segments. GCAP2 is also present in photoreceptor ribbon synapses where its function is unknown. Synaptic ribbons are active zone-associated presynaptic structures in the tonically active photoreceptor ribbon synapses and contain RIBEYE as a unique and major protein component. In the present study, we demonstrate by various independent approaches that GCAP2 specifically interacts with RIBEYE in photoreceptor synapses. We show that the flexible hinge 2 linker region of RIBEYE(B) domain that connects the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-binding subdomain with the substrate-binding subdomain (SBD) binds to the C terminus of GCAP2. We demonstrate that the RIBEYE-GCAP2 interaction is induced by the binding of NADH to RIBEYE. RIBEYE-GCAP2 interaction is modulated by the SBD. GCAP2 is strongly expressed in synaptic terminals of light-adapted photoreceptors where GCAP2 is found close to synaptic ribbons as judged by confocal microscopy and proximity ligation assays. Virus-mediated overexpression of GCAP2 in photoreceptor synaptic terminals leads to a reduction in the number of synaptic ribbons. Therefore, GCAP2 is a prime candidate for mediating Ca2+-dependent dynamic changes of synaptic ribbons in photoreceptor synapses.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Binding of the Neuronal Ca2+Sensor Protein GCAP2 to Photoreceptor Synaptic Ribbons

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Binding of the Neuronal Ca²⁺Sensor Protein GCAP2 to Photoreceptor Synaptic Ribbons