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Although it has long been known that microinjection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol into the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) induces a state that resembles rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, it is likely that other transmitters contribute to mPRF regulation of behavioral states. A key candidate is the peptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), which innervates the mPRF and induces REM sleep when injected into this region of the brainstem. To begin understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we examined the effects of VIP on mPRF cells using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the in vitro rat brainstem slice. VIP directly depolarized cells via activation of an inward current; these effects were attenuated and potentiated in low-sodium and low-calcium medium, respectively. The depolarization induced by VIP was slower in onset and longer-lived than that evoked by carbachol. The VIP-induced depolarization was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by a competitive antagonist of VIP receptors. Effects of VIP were attenuated in the presence of guanosine 5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphate, 2′5′dideoxyadenosine, and PKI15–24 and were nonadditive in the presence of 8-bromo-cAMP. We conclude that VIP excites mPRF neurons by activation of a sodium current. This effect is mediated at least in part by G-protein stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, and protein kinase A. These data suggest that VIP may play a physiological role in REM induction by its actions on mPRF neurons.

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Excites Medial Pontine Reticular Formation Neurons in the Brainstem Rapid Eye Movement Sleep-Induction Zone