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Successful realization of planned actions requires the brain to encode intentions over delays. Previous research has indicated that several regions in the rostral or anterior prefrontal cortex (PFC) encode delayed intentions. However, different processes may encode the same future task depending on task load during the delay. This difference may depend on the computational resources available when the delay is occupied with an ongoing task and when it is task-free. Here we directly investigated and compared the representation of delayed intentions in the human brain in the presence and absence of ongoing task load during the delay. We acquired fMRI data in combination with an event-based prospective memory design where human subjects remembered to perform the same future tasks over occupied and task-free delays. We used time-resolved multivoxel pattern classification and found that: (1) rostrolateral PFC (BA 46) encoded the delayed intention during both delay types; (2) rostromedial PFC (BA 10) encoded the intentions during occupied delays; whereas (3) a variety of more posterior regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex (BA 24), the supplementary motor area (BA 6), and the precuneus, encoded intentions during task-free delays. Overall, the medial PFC encoded delayed intentions more rostrally in the presence of an ongoing delay task and more caudally in its absence. Thus, rostromedial PFC may play a specialized role in the encoding of prospective memory that depends on higher computational demands (e.g., given higher task load during the delay). In contrast, the rostrolateral PFC is a more general area that encodes future intentions regardless of task load.

Encoding of Prospective Tasks in the Human Prefrontal Cortex under Varying Task Loads