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Neurons in the developing visual cortex undergo progressive functional maturation as indicated by the refinement of their visual feature selectivity. However, changes of the synaptic architecture underlying the maturation of spatial visual receptive fields (RFs) per se remain largely unclear. Here, loose-patch as well as single-unit recordings in layer 4 of mouse primary visual cortex (V1) of both sexes revealed that RF development following an eye-opening period is marked by an increased proportion of cortical neurons with spatially defined RFs, together with the increased signal-to-noise ratio of spiking responses. By exploring excitatory and inhibitory synaptic RFs with whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings, we observed a balanced enhancement of both synaptic excitation and inhibition, and while the excitatory subfield size remains relatively constant during development, the inhibitory subfield is broadened. This balanced developmental strengthening of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs results in enhanced visual responses, and with a reduction of spontaneous firing rate, contributes to the maturation of visual cortical RFs. Visual deprivation by dark rearing impedes the normal strengthening of excitatory inputs but leaves the apparently normal enhancement of inhibition while preventing the broadening of the inhibitory subfield, leading to weakened RF responses and a reduced fraction of neurons exhibiting a clear RF, compared with normally reared animals. Our data demonstrate that an experience-dependent and coordinated maturation of excitatory and inhibitory circuits underlie the functional development of visual cortical RFs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The organization of synaptic RFs is a fundamental determinant of feature selectivity functions in the cortex. However, how changes of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs lead to the functional maturation of visual RFs during cortical development remains not well understood. In layer 4 of mouse V1, we show that a coordinated, balanced enhancement of synaptic excitation and inhibition contributes to the developmental maturation of spatially defined visual RFs. Visual deprivation by dark rearing partially interferes with this process, resulting in a relatively more dominant inhibitory tone and a reduced fraction of neurons exhibiting clear RFs at the spike level. These data provide an unprecedented understanding of the functional development of visual cortical RFs at the synaptic level.

Balanced Enhancements of Synaptic Excitation and Inhibition Underlie Developmental Maturation of Receptive Fields in the Mouse Visual Cortex