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The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) and its target muscles are reduced or absent in normal female rats (Breedlove, S. M., and A. P. Arnold (1980) Science 210: 564–566). We now report that prenatal treatment of females with testosterone propionate (TP) significantly increases the number of SNB neurons found in adulthood. Dihydrotesterone propionate (DHTP) treatment just after but not before birth also masculinizes the number of SNB neurons in females. SNB soma size is significantly masculinized, i.e., enlarged, by administration of androgen prenatally or as late as 7 to 11 days after birth, even though this late postnatal treatment has no effect on the number of SNB cells. Following TP treatment in adulthood, the androgenized females did not display the postural correlates of male copulatory behavior more often than did control females. From these results we infer the following. (1) Androgens act both before and after birth to influence the sexually dimorphic development of the SNB system. (2) There are different sensitive periods for the masculinization of SNB neuronal number and neuronal size, indicating that these two dimorphic characteristics of the SNB are masculinized by somewhat independent mechanisms. (3) TP and DHTP may act via separate mechanisms to alter the number of SNB neurons. (4) Aromatized metabolites of testosterone are not necessary for masculinization of the SNB system. (5) Virilization of the SNB system does not ensure the masculinization of the traditionally defined measures of male copulatory behavior in rodents.

the journal of neuroscience/the journal of neuroscience

Hormonal control of a developing neuromuscular system. II. Sensitive periods for the androgen-induced masculinization of the rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus