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In the spinal ganglia of the chick embryo, two neuronal populations can be distinguished: large, early differentiating ventrolateral (VL) cells and small, late differentiating dorsomedial (DM) cells. It was found that, beginning with stage 25, the DM cells originate from a narrow band of small, immature cells at the medial border of the ganglion, extending to the dorsolateral border. We have designated this band as the inner and outer marginal zone. Neuronal death was investigated in thoracic ganglion 18 and brachial ganglion 15 by counting degenerating cells, separately for the VL and DM populations, at every stage from stage 24 (4% days) to stage 38 (12 days). In both ganglia, separate degeneration periods were found for the VL and DM populations which do not overlap. The peaks of degeneration are: stage 27 (5% days) for the VL population in ganglion 18, stage 30 (6% to 7 days) for VL in ganglion 16, and stage 35 (8% days) for DM in both ganglia. Daily injections of 6 pg of nerve growth factor, (NGF) in 6 to 12 ~1 of 0.9% sterile salt solution into the yolk sac from stage 21 (3% days) to the day of sacrifice resulted in a significant reduction of neuronal death in the VL population of ganglion 18 and in the rescue of practically all VL neurons in ganglion 15 and all DM neurons in both ganglia, which normally would have died. This is the first demonstration of an NGF effect on VL neurons. In the analysis of the multiple effects of nerve growth factor (NGF), the sympathetic ganglia have played the dominant role; the sensory ganglia which are the other target of NGF have attracted much less attention. Yet, if one entertains the notion that NGF might be the natural trophic maintenance agent for these two neuron types (i.e., that NGF is actually produced by their target organs), then one approach to the testing of this hypothesis would be to engage in in viva experiments. For this

Neuronal death in the spinal ganglia of the chick embryo and its reduction by nerve growth factor