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Humans adapt to mechanical perturbations such as forcefields (FFs) during reaching within tens of trials. However, recent findings suggested that this adaptation may start within one single trial, i.e., online corrective movements can become tuned to the unanticipated perturbations within a trial. This was highlighted in previous works with a reaching experiment in which participants had to stop at a via-point (VP) located between the start and the goal. An FF was applied during the first and second parts of the movement and then occasionally unexpectedly switched off at the VP during catch trials. The results showed an after-effect during the second part of the movement when participants exited the VP. This behavioral result was interpreted as a standard after-effect, but it remained unclear how it was related to conventional trial-by-trial learning. The current study aimed to investigate how long do such changes in movement representations last in memory. For this, we have studied the same reaching task with VP in two situations: one with very short residing time in the VP and the second with an imposed minimum 500 ms dwell time in the VP. In both situations, during the unexpected absence of the FF after VP, after-effects were observed. This suggests that online corrections to the internal representation of reach dynamics can be preserved in memory for around 850 ms of resting time on average. Therefore, rapid changes occurring within movements can thus be preserved in memory long enough to influence trial-by-trial motor adaptation.

Rapid Changes in Movement Representations during Human Reaching Could Be Preserved in Memory for at Least 850 ms