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Transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 has repeatedly been associated with axonal regeneration and recovery after injury to the CNS. We found TGFβ1 upregulated in the stroke-denervated mouse spinal cord after ischemic injury to the motor cortex as early as 4 d postinjury (dpi) and persisting up to 28 dpi. Given the potential role of TGFβ1 in structural plasticity and functional recovery after stroke highlighted in several published studies, we investigated its downstream signaling in an in vitro model of neurite outgrowth. We found that in this model, TGFβ1 rescues neurite outgrowth under growth inhibitory conditions via the canonical TGFβR2/ALK5 signaling axis. Thereby, protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF1 induces a switch of its substrate preference from PAR6 to the Ras homolog A (RhoA), in this way enhancing outgrowth on the level of the cytoskeleton. This proposed mechanism of TGFβ1 signaling could underly the observed increase in structural plasticity after stroke in vivo as suggested by the temporal and spatial expression of TGFβ1. In accordance with previous publications, this study corroborates the potential of TGFβ1 and associated signaling cascades as a target for future therapeutic interventions to enhance structural plasticity and functional recovery for stroke patients.

TGFβ1 Induces Axonal Outgrowth via ALK5/PKA/SMURF1-Mediated Degradation of RhoA and Stabilization of PAR6