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Forest tree breeding is a long-term endeavor often adopting the recurrent selection scheme [1] where hundreds of parents are rigorously tested through the performance of several thousands of their offspring planted over vast geographic territories known as breeding zones [2]. Parental ranking, for forward selection, is often based on offspring’s performance which is followed by the selection of elite genotypes for either new rounds of breeding (matings, testing, and selection) or the establishment of production populations (a.k.a., seed orchards) [3]. Breeding and testing are the most costly and time consuming aspects of tree breeding. Breeding is done following one of the established mating designs to generated “structured” pedigree (halfand full-sib families) needed for genetic parameters (e.g., traits’ heritabilities and correlations, and parents and offspring’s breeding values) estimation [4]. The creation of structured pedigree is meticulous work requiring great care and often takes multiple years to complete owing to the large number of parents and the required numerous crosses. Completion of the breeding phase is often delayed by fertility and phenological differences among the breeding parents [5]. The authenticity of the resulting offspring affects the accuracy of the generated genetic parameters and ultimately the attained genetic gain; unfortunately, this process is never error-free [6,7].

Increasing Breeding without Breeding (BwB) Efficiency: Full- vs. Partial-Pedigree Reconstruction in Lodgepole Pine