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Located on the West coast and spanning 7000 sq. km, Goa is India‟s smallest state by area with nearly 38% of its area is forest. However, it has significant deposits of manganese, bauxite and iron ore. The then Portuguese government handed 700 „mining concessions‟ to allow people to mine the area. Post liberation, the Government of India cancelled these concessions and provided „mining leases‟ under the purview of Indian mining and environmental regulation, in 1987. Despite these measures, the mining industry has grown exponentially – form less than 5 million tonnes in the 1960‟s to more than nearly 60 million tonnes in 2011, after which an inquiry into illegal mining by the Shah commission and a supreme court interim ban on all extraction occurred. In April 2014, the ban has been lifted and an annual cap of 20 million tonnes has been placed (Goa foundation Sweet Land of Mine, 2009). The main rivers Mandovi and Zuari both flowing into the Arabian sea are navigable by barges used for transporting the ore. Iron ore, Manganese ore, Bauxite are minerals of economic importance. Besides there are minor minerals like Basalt, Laterite stones and rubbles, River sand, Murrum etc., which are in great demand as construction material. This industry is labour intensive and provides work to large number of people. Mining in Goa today is synonymous with iron ore mining. Present day mining resumed in 1947 which marks the beginning of modern day mining and export of iron ore. The exports have steadily increased from 4,36,400 tonnes of iron ore in 1951 to 35 million tones in 2008-09. The Goan iron ore is exported to China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and Eastern European Countries. Iron ore mining in Goa is completely in the private sector. The Iron ore deposits are distributed over the Northern, Southern and Central Blocks of Goa. The Northern Block deposits are richer both in terms of quality and quantity of the ore, as compared to the Southern and Central Blocks. Infrastructure wise Goa has an advantage over other exporting regions in the countries in view of its being endowed with a deep sea port and waterways that crisscross the territory facilitating barge transport. The two rivers Mandovi and Zuari have proved to be a boon to the working industry as they provide cheap river transport. The Bauxite Mines are situated in South Goa over an area of 1263.678 HA. with estimated reserves of 70 million tons. These are metallurgical grade bauxite which can also be used for various applications such as cement, alumina chemicals, etc. The mines are also in the close proximity of two major ports, viz. Marmugoa Port and Betul Port. It has the following Minor Minerals reserves Basalt, Laterite, River sand, Laterite-Rubble, Laterite boulders, Pebble, Murrum and Lime Shell. The Major Minerals reserves are Bauxite, Iron ore, Manganese ore etc.

ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING TO MITIGATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN GOA WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON MINING