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Biomaterials are crucial for modern medical applications, and in the last several decades, these materials have been refined and improved for applications seen in dentistry, orthopedics, drug delivery, and cardiology. Candidate materials include polymers, metals (and their alloys), ceramics, composites (e.g. carbon fiber), and glass. For clinical use, the material must not cause any adverse or damaging effects to the patient [1]. This concept is known as biocompatibility and was described by Williams as, “the ability of a biomaterial to perform its desired function with respect to a medical therapy, without eliciting any undesirable local or systemic effects in the recipient or beneficiary of that therapy, but generating the most appropriate beneficial cellular or tissue response to that specific situation, and optimizing the clinically relevant performance of that therapy” [2]. The application of biomaterials as a dental implant is shown in Figure 1A; an endosseous fixture is used to replace the root and support a dental prosthesis. Dental implants have become an evidence-based treatment for the replacement of missing teeth. Selecting a biomaterial for a dental implant requires additional considerations for biological, mechanical, and aesthetic properties. Modern dental implants need to feature effective osseointegration and maintain long-term stability of their favorable properties to maintain both the implant’s structure and the integrity of surrounding hard and soft tissue [3, 4]. This review aims to assess the current state of biomaterials (Ti, zirconia, and novel materials) used in dental implants. Materials are assessed on their attributes, 1School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia

Modifying an Implant: A Mini-review of Dental Implant Biomaterials