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Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the association of periodontal disease with the Th17/Treg balance by examining the genetic expression of interleukin (IL)-17 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, which influence inflammation incidence and suppression.  Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, samples were collected in a randomized and task-oriented order. Thirty-seven patients referred to professional periodontology clinics in Mashhad and the Periodontology Department of the Mashhad Dentistry Faculty for periodontal (case) or crown-length (control) surgery was enrolled. IL-17 and TGF-β gene expression indices were measured in tissue samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The IL-17 gene expression index was higher in the case group (2.68 ± 0.91) than in the control group (1.68 ± 0.41), but this difference was not significant. The TGF-β gene expression index was significantly higher in the case group (54.42 ± 7.88) than in the control group (24.12 ± 3.38). Conclusions: IL-17 and TGF-β expression is increased in chronic periodontitis patients, but TGF-β plays a more important role in periodontal inflammation in patients with chronic periodontitis. Further studies of the roles of Th17 and Treg cells are warranted. Clinical relevance: IL17 and TGF-β modulate periodontal inflammation in chronic periodontitis patients Key words: Chronic periodontitis; Th17 Cells; TGF-beta; Regulatory T-Cells ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Comparative evaluation of IL-17 and TGF-β expression in tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals using real-time PCR