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Agricultural waste upcycling is crucial in the context of climate change. Utilizing seven agricultural by-products as basal substrates, coconut meal ( Cocos nucifera ) emerged as the most efficient, supporting the highest extracellular lipase (triacyl glycerol acyl hydrolases) yield i.e., 5.27 ± 1.75 a  U mL −1 . This study explored the production of extracellular lipases through solid-state fermentation by using co-cultures of  Aspergillus niger , wild and mutant strains. Optimization experiments revealed that 30 g of coconut meal resulted is optimal for supporting highest lipases activity of 6.16 ± 0.16 a  U mL −1 . Incubation at 30 °C, 1 mL inoculum size, and distilled water as a diluent further enhanced lipolytic activity. The study identified sucrose as the preferred carbon source, with 4 % concentration demonstrating the highest activity at 13.66 ± 0.33 a  U mL −1 . Supplementary sources like 1 % olive oil and nitrogen sources such as ammonium chloride and peptone significantly increased lipases production. Magnesium sulfate (0.25 %) among metal ions exhibited the highest lipolytic potential i.e., 19.98 ± 0.01 a  U mL −1 . The crude lipases displayed optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 30 °C, with positive effects observed for Fe 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ , while Co 2+ , Na + , and Hg 2+  had negative impacts on lipases activity. This research not only contributes to understanding the factors influencing lipase production and activity, but also serves as an agricultural waste upcycling technique.

Agricultural waste upcycling into improved production of triacyl glycerol acyl hydrolases