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Different strategies can be employed to enhance and adjust the overall characteristics and potential applications of the nanomaterials. Herein, ZnO–SiO 2 , Mn/ZnO–SiO 2  and ZnO–SiO 2 /PVA based nanocomposites were synthesized by sol-gel and  in-situ  polymerization methods by taking the Zn(CH 3 COO)·2H 2 O as ZnO, TEOS as the SiO 2  and Mn(SO 4 ) 2 ·7H 2 O as the Mn precursors. The present study investigates various aspects of ZnO–SiO 2 , Mn/ZnO–SiO 2 , and ZnO–SiO 2 /PVA nanomaterials, including electronic transition, surface morphology, elemental composition, chemical structure elucidation, thermal stability, and phase changes. To accomplish this, several techniques were employed. All the results confirmed the formation of the synthesized composite materials. Moreover, the catalytic and photocatalytic activities of the synthesized composites were studied through the degradation of Methylene blue (MB) dye, etc. The results confirmed that the synthesized nanocomposites exhibited good catalytic and photocatalytic activities towards removal of methylene blue (MB) dye removal. Further, the catalytic/photocatalytic activity of ZnO–SiO 2 , Mn/ZnO–SiO 2  and ZnO–SiO 2 /PVA nanocomposites were also compared towards the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye and it was verified that the Mn/ZnO–SiO 2  nanocomposite show high photocatalytic activity among the three nanocomposites i.e., ZnO–SiO 2 , Mn/ZnO–SiO 2  and ZnO–SiO 2 /PVA with removal efficiencies of 81 %, 77 % and 77 %, after 6 h, 5 h and 9 h respectively, under UV light illumination. Moreover, the photodegradation mechanism was also studied and finally, the biological activities like antioxidant and antileishmanial were also studied and compared.

Fabrication, characterization, photocatalytic and biological performances of Mn/ZnO–SiO 2 and ZnO–SiO 2 /PVA based ternary nanocomposites