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The meaning of the phrase τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου in Gal 4,3 has been debated for nearly two millenia. A new understanding of Paul’s utilization of the term τοῦ κόσμου is considered in this essay. In addition to ὁ κόσμος meaning “the world” in Gal 4,3, an argument can be made that ὁ κόσμος is a reference to the “adornment” of the penis (i. e., the foreskin). The lexicographical evidence supports this reading. In other words, the reference to κόσμος in Gal 4,3 is an additional critique of the Galatians’ decision to circumcise the male members of their communities.

τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου Again: Interpreting Cosmos in Gal 4,3 and 9 as Prepuce (or Foreskin)