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Exposure of embryos of the sea squirt, Ciona intestinalis, to all-trans-retinoic acid (between 10 -5  and 10 -7  m) causes specific malformations of the larvae and suppression of settlement and metamorphosis. Whether the vitamin A derivative was administered at the 2-cell stage, or at the early gastrula stage did not affect the nature or the extent of the ensuing anomalies. Malformations include a dorsal bulge of the body, an irregular disposition of ocellar pigment, and a twisted tail. Treated larvae have no statocyst pigment. There is also a reduction in size of the body, compared to control larvae. Retinoic acid retarded hatching, or even blocked it (at 10 -5 m). Obviously retinoic acid interferes with the induction of metamorphosis, possibly through neutralizing one or more factor|s responsible for settlement and metamorphosis. The possible role of thyroxin in these processes is being critically evaluated.

zeitschrift für naturforschung c

Teratogene und metamorphosehemmende Wirkung von Retinsäure in Ciona intestinalis / Teratogenic and Metamorphosis-Inhibiting Activity of Retinoic Acid in Ciona intestinalis