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Male blackbirds (Turdus merula) were confronted with recordings of normal and experimentally modified song-phrases of their own repertoire. I tested the characteristics of the equivalent vocal responses (= stimulus A → vocalization A) of the birds. As I found the "right" (= the indivi­dually known) syntax (= sequential order) of the elements (= notes) of the phrases were an essential condition for these responses. The different elements (notes) of a phrase took part in the facilitation of the vocal responses particularly (Fig. 1A) . - Phrases modified in their syntax proved to be ineffective in the above mentioned sence; even if the modification remained inside the conspecific range of individual differences between blackbirds. The onset of the ineffectiveness started at that point of the stimuli at which the syntactic modification began (Fig. 1 B, C). However, after an experimental period of 20 days most of the modified phrases (presented to the birds about 100 times per day) began to become effective, that means: to facilitate equivalent vocal responses (Fig. 2). - I concluded that the birds possess a "syntactic filter" which interacts with the genera­ tion of specific vocal reactions on the auditory stimuli. The results show that this filter can be modified.

zeitschrift für naturforschung c

Zur Bedeutung der "richtigen" Syntax auditiver Muster für deren vokale Beantwortung durch Amseln / On the Relevance of the "Right" Syntax of Auditory Patterns to Vocal Responses of Blackbirds