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This paper examines reported speech in Japanese caregiver–child triadic interaction. Based on 132 hours of audiovisual recordings of eight two-year-olds in and around the home and neighborhood, it draws upon language socialization and conversation analytic methods in examining how caregivers use third-party reported speech (e.g., She/he says X) in socializing children how to interpret others’ communicative behavior as  social action  (i.e., intentional and goal-oriented behavior such as request or refusal). It considers reported speech as social action  within  social action; in this case, a directive that embeds a prior verbal and/or nonverbal communicative behavior of another. The analysis shows how caregivers use the quoted (embedded) utterance as a cultural gloss to position quoted speakers as various kinds of social actors (e.g., polite, gendered, indirect, epistemic authority). It also shows how they use reported speech with other verbal and nonverbal strategies such as pointing, gaze, and touch in guiding children how to respond. The findings suggest that reported speech together with embodied resources plays an important role in encouraging children’s moral, social, and language development in Japanese.

Reported speech as cultural gloss and directive: socializing norms of speaking and acting in Japanese caregiver–child triadic interaction