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Sociology has two interesting and useful theories of social change: differentiation theory and the theory of sociocultural evolution. Both have their origins in biological theory (embryology and general biology); both have been completely sociologized over more than a hundred years. Evolution is a theory about the interplay of structures and events in communication systems; differentiation is a theory about sorting processes that are the starting point of the formation of new systems with new system/environment distinctions. If one understands and analyzes these two theories in this way – and that is what the present paper does – the complementarity of evolution and differentiation becomes clearly visible. Most sociologists are not aware of this complementarity. The goal of this paper is to correct this deficiency.

Sociocultural Evolution and Social Differentiation: The Study of the History of Society and the two Sociologies of Change and Transformation