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This article highlights the differences in the civilizing process in China by examining the development of sport. Focusing on the problem of violence, it shows how the evolution of forms of differentiation caused the decline of the violent game  jiju  and the rise of the elegant game  chuiwan  as China transformed from a strictly stratified  mendi  rank society to an open gentry society of greater functional differentiation. The development of the entertainment industry of cuju rather than a function system of sport documented an idiosyncratic literatization. This resulted from the structure of the first post-aristocratic society as a meritocratic commoner society. The unique yin/yang dual structure as a compromise of functional differentiation with hierarchical order brought about a paradoxical domestication of violence.

Literatization vs. Civilization: A Preliminary Comparison of the Development of Sport in China and the West with a Focus on Violence