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The study of “Modern authoritarians”&lt;fnote&gt; This part of the title is inspired by Arch Puddington’s Freedom House report on modern authoritarians (Puddington 2017).&lt;/fnote&gt; has become for understandable reasons a fashionable topic, particularly in political science. Authoritarian regimes such as Russia and China are of course a challenge for democracies. A more sociological perspective could focus rather on the question to what extent such modern authoritarian powers have realized on a regional level of world society a variant of differentiation which could challenge or even undermine functional differentiation as the main type of differentiation in modern society. The empire could be a candidate for such a variant. But this paper prefers to look rather at how authoritarian regimes are using and misusing organizations and networks to protect their grip on power and to control society, particularly politics. Such power structures may be considered as parasitical differentiation. What in the political world looks like a kind of competition between autocracies and democracies could also be considered as a regional, more or less successful attempt to control and instrumentalise politically functional differentiation, its performance and its effects.

“Modern Authoritarians” Coping with the Challenge of Modern Society: Observations on the use and abuse of power in authoritarian states