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Drawing data from written sources from the late-19th to early 20th century, I show several patterns of variation among obstruents, focusing mainly on final obstruent neutralization, a German phenomenon that is characteristic of the English spoken in Wisconsin by newly arrived German immigrants to the Upper Midwest (specifically Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan). Examples were gathered from the writings of these immigrants. I supplement the English data with samples from German authors in the same community and include sociolinguistic data where possible. This paper extends modern sociophonetic work into the past with data from both German and English.

A turn of the century courtship: Obstruent variation in personal letters in the Upper Midwest