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In  De caelo  II.12 Aristotle considers the following problem. If the sphere of the fixed stars shows only one (kind of) movement it would be reasonable to expect that the number of movements of the other celestial bodies would proportionally increase with the increasing distance from the outermost sphere. However, the contrary happens: while the planets, which are placed between the outermost sphere and sun and moon, exhibit many and various movements, the sun and the moon perform only a few movements. In dealing with this problem Aristotle surprises his readers with an alarming comparison: when playing dice, he says, it is most difficult to make ten thousand successful throws in a series, while it is comparatively easy to make one or two of them. So the reader is faced with the image of a game of dice at a crucial point in Aristotle’s account of superlunary movement, which, apart from that, is supposed to be the embodiment of well-orderedness and regularity.

Aristotle and the Cosmic Game of Dice: A conundrum in De caelo II.12