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This study examined the fresh and hardened characteristics of alkali-activated binders (AABs) based on ternary mixtures of red mud (RM), class F fly ash (FA), and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). The binders were prepared by dry mixing of 50% RM, 25–50% FA, and 0–25% GGBFS. The alkali activators were prepared from sodium hydroxide solution with different concentrations (6–14 mol) and sodium silicate solution. Curing at room temperature was adopted for the preparation of all samples. The flowability, setting time, and compressive and flexural strength tests were used to examine the properties of the resulting binders. To study the microstructural characterization, the scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transformation infrared techniques were used. The results show that the flowability of the AAB decreases with higher GGBFS content, the addition of GGBFS reduces the setting time, and the incorporation of GGBFS increases the flexural and compressive strengths of the AAB. Microstructural and chemical analysis results indicate that in addition to geopolymer gel, calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) is formed upon adding GGBFS, producing a denser microstructure.

Alkali-activated binder based on red mud with class F fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag under ambient temperature