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Solubility of HfO 2 (am) was determined as a function of KHCO 3  concentrations ranging from 0.001 mol·kg −1  to 0.1 mol·kg −1 . The solubility of HfO 2 (am) increased dramatically with the increase in KHCO 3  concentrations, indicating that Hf(IV) makes strong complexes with carbonate. Thermodynamic equilibrium constants for the formation of Hf-carbonate complexes were determined using both the Pitzer and SIT models. The dramatic increase in Hf concentrations with the increase in KHCO 3  concentrations can best be described by the formation of Hf(OH − ) 2 (CO 3 ) 2  2−  and Hf(CO 3 ) 5  6− . The log 10  K  0  values for the reactions [Hf 4+ +2CO 3  2− +2OH − ⇌Hf(OH) 2 (CO 3 ) 2  2− ] and [Hf 4+ +5CO 3  2− ⇌Hf(CO 3 ) 5  6− ], based on the SIT model, were determined to be 44.53±0.46 and 41.53±0.46, respectively, and based on the Pitzer model they were 44.56±0.48 and 40.20±0.48, respectively.

A thermodynamic model for the solubility of HfO 2 (am) in the aqueous K + – HCO 3 − – CO 3 2 − – OH − – H 2 O system