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In the Romance domain, French is unique in having homophonous interrogative, exclamative and relative constructions sharing the same  Que+est+ce+que  string. The main goal of this article is to shed light on this enigmatic sequence. It will do so by investigating the rarely studied syntax of  que, combien  and  ce que  exclamatives and relatives and will show that the sequence initial  Que  in their  Que+est+ce+que  counterparts is the covert duplicate of the subsequent exclamative and relative ( ce+ ) que  clauses. The article extends the main features of this analysis to all  Qui, quand, où,  … +est-ce que  questions by showing that the  ce que  string following  est  in such questions is to be analysed, despite the spelling conventions of Modern French, as the complex complementiser of headless relatives. As the article proceeds, various questions concerning the syntax of similar clauses in other Romance languages are raised and the uniqueness of French is argued to be tied to the defective properties of  est  in these three constructions. Finally, its appendix extends and shows the fruitfulness of Kayne's ideas concerning the  ce que  complex determiner.

On the Syntax of French Qu’est-ce que Clauses and Related Constructions