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This study investigated instances of Persian genuine and ostensible (ritual) refusals produced in response to genuine offers and invitations. The data was  collected through ethnographic observations and was analyzed in light of a modified version of defining properties and features of ostensible speech acts  proposed by Isaacs and Clark (1990). Furthermore, cultural schemas and sociocultural norms underlying ostensible refusals in Persian were investigated  through focus group interviews (FGI). The results revealed that although the features of ostensible speech acts proposed by Isaacs and Clark (1990) are present  in ostensible refusals in Persian, they are not always sufficient to distinguish Persian ritual and genuine refusals. The results of the focus group interviews also  showed that ritual refusals in Persian are complex speech acts strongly linked to Persian cultural schemas of  tǎ’ǎrof  (ritual politeness) and   ru-dar-bǎyesti  (feeling of distance out of respect). The findings indicated that the main factors motivating the production of ritual refusals in  Persian are observing rules of politeness and enhancing the face of the speaker as well as that of the interlocutor. Therefore, the pretence in sincerity of the  ritual refusals arise from the speakers’ concern for maintaining rapport.

Refusals of invitations and offers in Persian: Genuine or ostensible?