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The aim of this study was to investigate the use of the native Finnishpoliteness marker  kiitos  ‘thank you/please’ compared to the borrowed politenessmarker pliis (from English  please ).  Pliis  in Finnish is best characterized asa marked form which is mostly relegated to informal or spoken language. Thus,this stage of our study made use of a grammatical acceptability test to try toobserve social evaluation patterns. The test was presented as a web-based surveyconsisting of 12 grammatical acceptability questions and 6 demographicquestions. It was completed by 417 respondents from throughout Finland. Thehypothesis was that the function of  kiitos  could be changing grammatically andsemantically. However, the findings indicate that the use of  kiitos  is more orless unchanged, whereas the use of  pliis  is likely to be nativizing. The MANOVAanalyses indicate that pliis is associated (as a first order index) with young,urban women, and this is also the social group that is more likely to claim useof  pliis . The most important finding of the study is that  pliis  and  kiitos  seem tobe complementary in their distribution; grammatically, pragmatically and interms of social distinctiveness. We claim that  kiitos  serves as a marker of negativepoliteness, whereas  pliis  serves as a marker of positive politeness.

Kiitos and pliis : The relationship of native and borrowed politeness markers in Finnish