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Optical methods have revolutionized medical diagnoses, therapies and research, and have penetrated many medical disciplines for example, tumor diagnosis and treatment. Tumor recurrence and metastasis are the major obstacles for long-term survival in cancer. The metastasis is reported to be correlated with the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the vasculature as a consequence of either advanced tumor growth and invasion, or a therapeutic intervention. Thus, CTCs are considered to be important biomarkers for cancer progress and prognosis. The quantification of CTCs is an emerging tool used to diagnose, stratify and monitor patients with metastatic diseases. A number of methods have been developed to detect CTCs, some of which have been applied in clinical diagnosis. However, conventional methods are restricted by invasiveness, lower sensitivity caused by small blood sample volumes, and difficulty in recording the dynamics of CTCs. A novel technique named  in vivo  flow cytometry (IVFC) can overcome those restrictions. IVFC, which was invented in 2004, can quantitatively monitor circulating cells  in vivo , both noninvasively and dynamically. Our work has demonstrated that IVFC has higher specificity and sensitivity than conventional methods. A number of outstanding studies by IVFC have been published on cancer including leukemia, prostate cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and melanoma, and others. However, there are still numerous remaining questions about cancer metastasis which could be investigated using IVFC. IVFC is a novel and powerful technique to elucidate mechanisms that drive hematogenous metastasis and to monitor the efficacy of cancer therapy. With advances in the technique, IVFC could potentially be used clinically in both cancer diagnosis and treatment. The present review gives an overview of this topic.

photonics and lasers in medicine

In vivo  flow cytometry: A powerful optical technology to detect circulating tumor cells and diagnose cancer metastasis  in vivo / In-vivo -Durchflusszytometrie: Ein leistungsstarkes optisches Verfahren zur Detektion zirkulierender Tumorzellen und zur  In-vivo -Diagnose von Metastasen