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In previous studies comparing the intonation of questions and statements in German, greater f0 excursions of phrase-final rises have been associated with questions in both read speech and spontaneous speech. This holds for production studies as well as perception studies. However, a major question remains whether these differences are perceived categorically or continuously. Furthermore, we ask whether the differences in f0 scaling correspond to categorical linguistic functions or rather an attitudinal continuum. We conducted three different perception experiments: a classical categorical perception task, an imitation task, and a semantic evaluation task. The results suggest that f0 scaling in phrase-final rises is perceived as a phonetic continuum rather than in phonological categories. Furthermore, the gradual increase of the final rise is associated with a gradual increase in perceived  questioning . Lastly, the phonetic cues to this  degree of questioning  are distinct from those to the other investigated meanings  surprise  and  uncertainty . Accordingly, this study supports the assumption that  questioning  constitutes an attitudinal meaning in its own right.

Questioning questions – the perception of f0 scaling in German questions between categorical function and continuous attitude